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Effect of Nutrient Omitting on Phonological Parameters and Growth Performance of Maize (Zea mays L.) at Omo Nada District, Jimma Zone, Southwestern Ethiopia
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 1, March 2022
Pages:
1-5
Received:
27 October 2021
Accepted:
6 December 2021
Published:
8 January 2022
Abstract: A plant nutrient is a chemical element that is essential for direct effect on plant growth and yield when it is applied based on soil nutrient level and crop requirement. Thus, a field experiment was conducted during 2019/20 cropping season to identify the most influential nutrient on the phonological and vegetative performance of maize on Nitisols of Omo Nada District, Southwestern Ethiopia. Nine combination of mineral fertilizers including one control plot with a total of ten treatments (NP, PKS (-N), NKS (-P), NPS (-K), NPK (-S), NPKS, NPKSZn (-B), NPKSB (-Zn) and NPKSZnB) were used. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) each replicated four times. The collected data was subjected to ANOVA using SAS 9.3 version software. LSD test was used to separate means at 5% level of significant (P<0.05). Accordingly, most of phonological and growth parameters were significantly affected due to combined application of major macronutrients (NPKS) with micronutrients (Zn), where non-fertilized and N omitted plots were inferior in all parameters. The results revealed that combined application of NPKS and Zn fertilizer significantly affected days to 50% tasseling, days to 50% silking, stem diameter, NDVI value, leaf area index and plant height. Therefore, we can recommend that appropriate fertilizer usage will address problems of limiting nutrients in most smallholder maize fields once the nutrients are established.
Abstract: A plant nutrient is a chemical element that is essential for direct effect on plant growth and yield when it is applied based on soil nutrient level and crop requirement. Thus, a field experiment was conducted during 2019/20 cropping season to identify the most influential nutrient on the phonological and vegetative performance of maize on Nitisols...
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Effect of Farmyard Manure and Blended Fertilizer Rates on Yield and Yield Components of Hot Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) in East Wollega Zone, Ethiopia
Obsi File,
Hirpa Legesse,
Milkinesh Tujuba
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 1, March 2022
Pages:
6-14
Received:
26 November 2021
Accepted:
17 December 2021
Published:
8 January 2022
Abstract: Hot Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is an important spice and vegetable crop in Ethiopia. However, soil fertility depletion (nutrient deficiency) is one of the vital yield limiting factors in production. This experiment was conducted with the objective of determining the effects of combined use of different levels of Farmyard manure and blended fertilizer (NPSZnB) rate on yield and yield components of hot pepper and to identify the optimum combination of two fertilizers levels that give a higher yield of hot pepper. Mareko Fana variety was used for experiment. The treatments consisted of three levels of farmyard manure (0, 2, and 4 t/ha) and five levels of bended fertilizers (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 kg/ha) combined factorially and arranged in a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. Analysis of the results showed that the interaction of farmyard manure and blended fertilizer significantly (p<0.05) affect most of the parameters studied. Application of 4t/ha farm yard manure and 100kg/ha blended fertilizers results showed that higher plant height 67.05cm, number of primary branches (7.82), number of leaf (331.72), number of fruit per plant (29.61), fruit length (10.49cm), total fresh fruit yield (5.60 t/ha), marketable yield (2.34 t/ha), total dry fruit yield (2.46 t/ha), biomass yield (4.96 t/ha) and harvest index (0.39) whereas lowest marketable yield (1.13 t/ha) and total dry fruit yield (1.25 t/ha), were recorded from unfertilized treatment. Therefore, the result of this study has showed that levels of farmyard manure and blended fertilizer in the study areas could be significantly enhances yield and yield components of hot pepper if 4 t/ha of Farmyard manure and 100 kg/ha of blended fertilizer are integrated and applied to hot pepper. Moreover, farmers in the study area should be encouraged to use integrated nutrient management system rather than inorganic fertilizer alone since such system helps not only supply nutrients but also improves physicochemical properties of the soil, thereby significantly enhances yield and yield component of hot pepper. Furthermore, as the study was conducted only at one location for a single season, it is also recommended to repeat the study across representative locations of the district both under rain fed and irrigated conditions.
Abstract: Hot Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is an important spice and vegetable crop in Ethiopia. However, soil fertility depletion (nutrient deficiency) is one of the vital yield limiting factors in production. This experiment was conducted with the objective of determining the effects of combined use of different levels of Farmyard manure and blended fertili...
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Screening Common Bean Varieties Compatibility to Intercropping with Maize at Jejebicho Research Station in Sankura Wereda Silte Zone of Southern Ethiopia
Wondimkun Dikr,
Nibret Tadesse
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 1, March 2022
Pages:
15-25
Received:
12 January 2022
Accepted:
27 January 2022
Published:
16 February 2022
Abstract: Maize is among the most important cereal crops in Ethiopia. Intercropping results in high overall system productivity on a given piece of land due to efficient use of the available plant growth resources. Field experiment was conducted to were to evaluate and select the cropping systems and best performing common bean varieties in intercropping with maize at jejebicho research station for higher productivity and profitability in southern parts of Ethiopia, under Wondo genet Agricultural Research Center at Sankura wereda, Jejebicho research station in 2019/20 cropping season. Three varieties of common bean (Deme, KAT-B1 and Awash-2) and were intercropped with two maize varieties (Limu and Shone). The three common bean varieties and two maize varieties were included as a sole for comparison. Randomized complete block design in factorial with three replications was used. Aboveground biomass, days to tasseling, hundred kernel weight, grain yield and harvest index of maize were significantly affected by varieties of common bean, cropping system was also significantly affected leaf area, leaf index, days to tasseling, days to physiological maturity and grain yield of maize but their interaction effect were non significantly affected. Days to tasseling of maize were delayed (81.50 days) and hastened (74.23 days) by variety Awash-2 and Deme, respectively as compared to KAT-B1. The wider leaf area (910.20cm2) was measured from intercropped maize than sole and the larger leaf area index (3.79) was also recorded from intercropped maize than sole one. Days to tasseling of maize were delayed (80.80 days) at sole cropped of maize. The longer days to physiological maturity (143.84 days) of maize was taken from sole cropping of maize. The highest grain yield (7.60 ton/ha) of maize was taken from Shone intercropped with Awash-2 as compared to varieties. In cropping system, the maximum grain yield (7.12 ton/ha) of maize was obtained from intercropped of it. Plant height, branch number per plant, number of seed per pod, number of pod per plant, days to physiological maturity, aboveground biomass, hundred kernel weight, grain yield and harvest index of common bean. The longest plant (132.13cm) was measured from Deme intercropped with Limu. The highest (5.17) number of branches was counted at Deme intercropped with Limu. The highest number of pods per plant and number of seed per pod (10.92 and 4.63) was counted at Deme intercropped with Limu and Limu with Awash-2 respectively. The highest grain yield (22.38 ton/ha) was obtained when Shone intercropped with Deme. The highest partial land equivalent ratio (LER) of maize and common bean non significantly affected by varieties of both. Monitory advantage index was also non significantly affected. However, the highest value of monetary advantage index (105,359 ETB ha-1) was obtained at Shone intercropped with Deme. Therefore, any of the two (Limu or Shone) maize varieties could be recommended for intercropping with Deme of common bean variety.
Abstract: Maize is among the most important cereal crops in Ethiopia. Intercropping results in high overall system productivity on a given piece of land due to efficient use of the available plant growth resources. Field experiment was conducted to were to evaluate and select the cropping systems and best performing common bean varieties in intercropping wit...
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Performance Evaluation of Maize Hybrids for Yield Characteristics Under Drought Stress Condition of Southern Tigray Region
Alamir Ayenew,
Fiseha Worede
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 1, March 2022
Pages:
26-29
Received:
15 January 2022
Accepted:
7 February 2022
Published:
16 February 2022
Abstract: Eight released maize varieties with one local check were tested at Ofla in randomized complete block design with three replications during 2014 main rainy season. The experiment was conducted to test the adaptability of improved high land hybrid maize varieties and select the best high yielding maize hybrid varieties for the target area. The treatments consisted of one open pollinated maize variety (Gibe-1) and six hybrid maize varieties (Hora, Jibat, Argane, BH-140, BH661, Wanchi) and one local check were evaluated at Ofla sites. Hybrid maize varieties were planted with 0.75 m and 0.25 m between row and between plants respectively. Urea and DAP were used as a source of Nitrogen and Phosperos at recommended rate of application. The analysis of variance showed highly significant difference (p<0.01) for plant height (cm) and days to maturity. While, days to male flower, days to female flower, ear height (cm), thousand seed weight (g), grain yield and yield per cob showed significantly difference (p<0.05). Wonchi variety was obtained the best results in terms of yield and yielding component and local check maize varieties did not performed well in terms of yield and yielding component as compared to hybrids. Therefore, for sustainable maize production Wonchi could be recommended. This variety need to be addressed to farmers and users with improved production packages.
Abstract: Eight released maize varieties with one local check were tested at Ofla in randomized complete block design with three replications during 2014 main rainy season. The experiment was conducted to test the adaptability of improved high land hybrid maize varieties and select the best high yielding maize hybrid varieties for the target area. The treatm...
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Yield Response of Upland Rice (oryza sativa l.) Through Nutrient Omission Trial in Vertisols of Fogera Districts, North West Ethiopia
Demsew Bekele,
Yihenew Gebreselassie,
Tilahun Tadesse
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 1, March 2022
Pages:
30-40
Received:
30 December 2021
Accepted:
27 January 2022
Published:
16 February 2022
Abstract: The experiment was conducted with the objectives of investigating the yield-limiting nutrients through nutrient omission trial on upland rice in 2020/2021 cropping season on the vertisols in Fogera District, Northwestern Ethiopia. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with nine treatments and three replications. The treatments were Control, Recommended NP, NPKSZnB, PKSZnB (-N), NKSZnB (-P), NPSZnB (-K), NPKZnB (-S), NPKSB (-Zn) and NPKSZn (-B). Yield attributing characters of biomass yield, plant height, panicle length, effective tillers, grain and straw yields of rice were significantly influenced by the treatments. The highest grain yield (7.2 ton ha-1) was recorded from NPKSZnB treatment which was not significant with NPKSZn (-B), NPKSB (-Zn) and NPSZnB (-K). The lowest grain yield of 2.2 ton ha-1 was recorded from the control followed by omission of N, P and S nutrients. The omission of N, P and S reduced the grain and straw yields significantly over the treatment receiving all the nutrients. The omission of N reduced the grain yield by 46%, omission of P reduced the grain yield by 17% while S omission reduced grain yield by 11% over the treatment that received all nutrients. Based on percent grain yield reduction, the limiting nutrients were found in the order of N > P > S. Overall, this result shows that nitrogen phosphorus and sulfur were the most vibrant factors to increase the yield and yield component of rice.
Abstract: The experiment was conducted with the objectives of investigating the yield-limiting nutrients through nutrient omission trial on upland rice in 2020/2021 cropping season on the vertisols in Fogera District, Northwestern Ethiopia. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with nine treatments and three replications. The treatm...
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Effect of Some Seed Borne Fungi on Seed Germination and Seedling Emergence of Soybean and Antifungal Impact of Certain Botanicals
Owolabi Abibat Olayinka,
Adegboyega Ayodele Sobowale,
Odebode Adegboyega Christopher
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 1, March 2022
Pages:
41-46
Received:
11 January 2022
Accepted:
7 February 2022
Published:
16 February 2022
Abstract: An investigation was carried out to examine the effect of some seed borne fungi on seed germination and seedling emergence of soybean. A total of five fungi species comprising four genera namely Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Fusarium oxysporum. Penicillium chrysogenum and Colletotrichum sp were isolated from the tested seeds. The effects of the mycelial suspension of the isolated fungi on percentage seed germination and seedling emergence was studied. Ten seeds were soaked in mycelial suspension of each fungus for 1hour before placing on Petri-dishes and sowing in bags containing 3 kg sterilized soil in triplicates. It was observed from the study that Penicillium chrysogenum had the highest inhibitory effect on seed germination while Aspergillus niger had no effect on seed germination. Also, the result showed that all the isolated fungi had a significant effect (p<0.05) on length of radicle with A. flavus recording the least length of radicle (2.10 cm) as compared with the control (4.75 cm). Fusarium oxysporum, Penicillium chrysogenum and A. flavus significantly reduced shoot length. While all the isolated fungi had significant differences at p<0.05 on root length with P. chrysogenum recording the least root length (5.15 cm) as compared with 10.13 cm observed on the control. The efficacy of both the aqueous and methanol extracts of Aframomum melegueta and Petiveria alliacea was assessed against the mycelial growth of the isolated fungi at 10, 20 and 30% concentration. The methanol extract of both plants most especially that of Aframomum melegueta performed better in inhibiting the radial growth of Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Fusarium oxysporum and Colletotrichum sp.
Abstract: An investigation was carried out to examine the effect of some seed borne fungi on seed germination and seedling emergence of soybean. A total of five fungi species comprising four genera namely Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Fusarium oxysporum. Penicillium chrysogenum and Colletotrichum sp were isolated from the tested seeds. The effects o...
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Effect of Seed Rate and Row Spacing on Yield and Yield Component of Rainfed Lowland Rice Variety (Ediget) at Assosa, Western Ethiopia
Merga Boru,
Megersa Mengasha,
Adisie Dinberu
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 1, March 2022
Pages:
47-51
Received:
11 January 2022
Accepted:
27 January 2022
Published:
16 February 2022
Abstract: Rice is one the newly introduced crop in western Ethiopia (Assosa). However, the yield is far below its genetic potential. Lack of proper management practice on seed rates and row spacing are one of the problems limiting. Field experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of seed rate and row spacing on yield and its traits of lowland rice The treatment consisted of seven levels of seed rate (40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 140, and 160 kg ha-1) and four levels of row spacing (15, 20, 25, 30cm). The experiment was laid out as a Randomized Complete Block Design in a factorial arrangement and replicated three times. From the analysis of variance, all the parameters except filled grain were not significantly affected by seed rate and row spacing. The maximum plant height (90.38cm) was observed at seed rate of 40 kg ha-1 and the lowest was observed at seed rate of 160 kg ha-1. The highest panicle length (16.77cm), tiller per plant (3.37) and filled grain (86.93) was observed at seed rate of 40 kg ha-1. Filled grain was highly significant and the highest filled grain was observed at 40 kg ha-1 (86.93) and at 15cm spacing (70.07). The highest grain yield (3.93 t ha-1) was obtained at a seed rate of 60 kg ha-1 and 20cm row spacing. The economic analysis indicated that a seed rate of 60 kg ha-1 and row spacing of 20cm is the most profitable treatment with mean net benefit of 86,110 Birrha-1. Therefore it can be concluded that a seed rate of 60 kg/ha and row spacing of 20cm is preferable and recommended for rain fed lowland rice production areas in the study areas.
Abstract: Rice is one the newly introduced crop in western Ethiopia (Assosa). However, the yield is far below its genetic potential. Lack of proper management practice on seed rates and row spacing are one of the problems limiting. Field experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of seed rate and row spacing on yield and its traits of lowland rice Th...
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Impact of Witch Weeds (striga hermonthica) on Sorghum Production and Its Managements in Ethiopia
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 1, March 2022
Pages:
52-59
Received:
12 January 2022
Accepted:
29 January 2022
Published:
25 February 2022
Abstract: Striga hermonthica (Del.) Benth is a major constraint to sorghum productivity. Striga can cause a small percentage loss in yield and, in some situations, complete crop collapse. Striga resistant sorghums can be a valuable component if resistance is built into well-adapted and productive cultivars. Sorghum's potential output has been diminished due to a variety of abiotic and biotic stresses. Abiotic stressors like as drought and low soil fertility (nutrient deficit) are two of the most common. Parasitic animals are expected to cost the world £1.5 trillion every year. Heterotrophic flowering plants that may cling to their host crop are known as parasitic weeds. Haustorium acts as a physiological link between the parasite and the plant it parasitizes. Striga is a genus of Orobanchaceae hemiroot parasites that includes roughly thirty species. Striga is a photosynthesizing obligate hemi-parasite. Striga can be found in Africa, the Middle East, Asia, and Australia in tropical and semi-arid climates. Striga are root-parasitic, annual, chlorophyll-bearing plants that require a host plant to complete their life cycle. Striga seeds can produce 100,000 to 200,000 seeds per plant, but they must be pretreated and stored in a moist, warm environment (300C in germination). Over the course of its 20-year existence, Striga has the ability to produce thousands of seeds. If a chemical cue is released by the host plant's roots, they germinate. Therefore the purpose of this review paper is to assess influence of witch weeds (striga hermonthica) on sorghum production and its management’s methods.
Abstract: Striga hermonthica (Del.) Benth is a major constraint to sorghum productivity. Striga can cause a small percentage loss in yield and, in some situations, complete crop collapse. Striga resistant sorghums can be a valuable component if resistance is built into well-adapted and productive cultivars. Sorghum's potential output has been diminished due ...
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Yield Performance Evaluation of Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Varieties Under Rain Fed in Western Ethiopia
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 1, March 2022
Pages:
60-64
Received:
21 January 2022
Accepted:
14 February 2022
Published:
25 February 2022
Abstract: The objectives of the study were to evaluate the yield performance of common bean varieties under rain fed in east Wollega, western Ethiopia. Sixteen common bean varieties were tested for yield and yield related traits in completely randomized block design in three replications at Guto Gida district, Uke research and demonstration site in 2020/21. Data were taken from ten quantitative parameters; plant height, leaf area, inter node length, pod length, number of nodes per plant, number of pods per plant, number of seed per pod, 100-seed weight, grain yield per hectare and biomass yield per hectare. The analysis of variance showed that the varieties were significantly different for all traits except number of seed per pod, means that the traits are highly affected by variety. The highest plant height was recorded from the variety Omo-95 (120.0cm), and the lowest plant height was recorded from the variety Melka dima (34.3 cm). The highest pod length was recorded from the variety Omo-95 (22.5 cm), and the lowest was recorded from the variety Mexican-142 (8.0 cm). Grain yield was highly significant and the highest mean for grain yield was recorded from the variety Awash-1 (3.9 ton/ha) and the lowest grain yield was obtained from the variety Dursitu (1.3 ton/ha). Testing of improved varieties is among the best technologies to improve productivity and for specific area recommendation. However, the experiment should be repeated across locations and years for a wide range of recommendation. The present study revealed significant variation among genotypes for traits considered except one insignificant trait. In addition, almost all the genotypes were well adapted to the study area and hence, the high yielding genotypes could be directly used as seed sources for production of common bean.
Abstract: The objectives of the study were to evaluate the yield performance of common bean varieties under rain fed in east Wollega, western Ethiopia. Sixteen common bean varieties were tested for yield and yield related traits in completely randomized block design in three replications at Guto Gida district, Uke research and demonstration site in 2020/21. ...
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Assessing the Morphological Variability and Some Seed Quality Contributing Traits for Mid Altitude Maize Inbred Lines (Zea Mays L.) in Western Ethiopia, Bako
Megersa Bayisa,
Debela Diro,
Gemechu Asefa
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 1, March 2022
Pages:
65-72
Received:
17 January 2022
Accepted:
11 February 2022
Published:
25 February 2022
Abstract: Maize is one of the highly cross pollinated crop having two or more parents forming hybrid. Distinctness, Uniformity and Stability (DUS) characterization of parental lines are crucial for sustained quality seed production and formation of new varieties. This Study was initiated to provide information on Phenological characters of fourteen inbred lines. These were: (BKL001, BKL002, BKL003, BKL004, CML161, CML165, CML395, CML204, CML536, CML444, CML202, CML312BK, 142-1-e, 124-b (109), sourced from Bako national Maize research. Most of them were originally introduced from CIMMYT Kenya and Nigeria, among these parents two (CML161 and CML165) are Quality protein maize while 12 of the inbred lines are conventional. DUS characterization was conducted as per as UPOV guidelines. The result revealed that, inbred lines were vary widely differ in their characters. Among the 14 inbred lines, CML161 and CML165 were distinct from other in their yellow kernel color and 142-1-e had the distinguishable character of tassel anthocyanin coloration at glumes base. Dendrograms were constructed based on the morphological characters that briefs differences among the individuals indicating reportable variation among the 14 maize inbred lines which would aid in selection of inbred lines with desirable characters for further seed DUS identification. Generally knowing the DUS character of these parents have significant value to develop a new hybrid for the feature in Maize breeding and help to register new hybrid will be formed and serve as guide lines for different seed producers.
Abstract: Maize is one of the highly cross pollinated crop having two or more parents forming hybrid. Distinctness, Uniformity and Stability (DUS) characterization of parental lines are crucial for sustained quality seed production and formation of new varieties. This Study was initiated to provide information on Phenological characters of fourteen inbred li...
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The Effect of Melanthera Scandens and Mimosa Pudica on Fungi Causing Postharvest Deterioration of Cassava Root Tubers
Oluwalana Olumayowa Adedunke,
Odebode Adegboyega Christopher,
Ayodele Adegboyega Sobowale,
Adewuyi-Samuel Oluwatoke Bolatito
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 1, March 2022
Pages:
73-80
Received:
14 February 2022
Accepted:
2 March 2022
Published:
23 March 2022
Abstract: Fresh cassava (Manihot esculenta) tubers unlike most other tubers of root crops are highly perishable. This study, therefore, investigated the antifungal activities of ethanol and hot water extract of Melanthera scandens (vine) and Mimosa pudica (touch me not) on rot fungi of cassava. Rotten cassava tuber samples were inoculated into Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) for isolation of rot fungi causing postharvest deterioration of cassava tubers. The fungi obtained were identified using macroscopic and microscopic characteristics. The establishment of the pathogenicity of the fungal isolates was carried out by inoculating freshly harvested cassava tubers with the isolated fungi. The ethanol and hot water extract of the selected plants were tested against the isolated fungi both in vitro and in vivo. The isolates were identified as Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Penicillium notatum, Penicillium sp, and Fusarium verticillioides. A. flavus being the most virulent with a percentage in severity of (27.15) on day 7 as compared with Aspergillus niger, Fusarium verticillioides, Penicillium sp, and Penicillium notatum which had (25.22, 17.17, 15.76 and 14.71) respectively. In the in vitro test the plants exhibited a high degree of fungicidal activity by inhibiting the mycelia growth of the rot fungi and Mimosa pudica was more effective in the suppression of fungal growth than Melanthera scandens. In the in vivo test there was a higher percentage reduction in diameter of rot when the plant extract was applied after twenty four hours of microbial inoculation directly to the cassava tuber. The extracts of Melanthera scandens and Mimosa pudica can therefore be used as a bio fungicide to extend the shelf-life of freshly harvested cassava tubers.
Abstract: Fresh cassava (Manihot esculenta) tubers unlike most other tubers of root crops are highly perishable. This study, therefore, investigated the antifungal activities of ethanol and hot water extract of Melanthera scandens (vine) and Mimosa pudica (touch me not) on rot fungi of cassava. Rotten cassava tuber samples were inoculated into Potato Dextros...
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